|Table of Contents|

Cambrian Explosion: Formation of Tree of Animals(PDF)

《地球科学与环境学报》[ISSN:1672-6561/CN:61-1423/P]

Issue:
2009年第02期
Page:
111-134
Research Field:
基础地质与矿产地质
Publishing date:

Info

Title:
Cambrian Explosion: Formation of Tree of Animals
Author(s):
SHU De-gan1; 2; 3
1.Early Life Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; 2.State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; 3.School of the Earth Sciences andResources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
Keywords:
cambrian explosion;  tree of early animals;  Chengjiang fauna;  phylogeny of deuterostomes;  phylum vetulicolia;  origin of vertebrates
PACS:
Q91
DOI:
-
Abstract:
The Kingdom Animalia is here divided into three subkingdoms: Diploblasta, Protostomia and Deuterostomia. Cambrian Explosion, including its first episode represented by the small skeletal fossils(SSFs)at the base of the Cambrian and the succeeding main episode represented by the Chengjiang faunas(CFs), together with its prelude represented by the Ediacaran faunas, have been recognized to give birth of the whole morphological tree of animals(or metazoans), for short the TOA. Its “seed” in Precambrian, some sort of protists from which the complete TOA have grown, remains unknown paleontologically. Ediacaran fauna was dominated by diploblasts(the “trunk” of the TOA)with a few possible stem-group triploblasts, the Early Cambrian in two phases explosively yielded almost all the major triploblastic crown-branches(Bilateria: the huge “crown” of the TOA), which include the other two Subkingdoms: first the extremely diverse protostomes in the Meishucunian Age and followed by a nearly entire lineage of early deuterostomes, i.e. the early or even the oldest representatives of all the six major groups in deuterostomes from the Chengjiang, including echinoderms, hemichordates, urochordates, cephalochordates and the vertebrates. As all the major branches of the Tree of Animals had been formed at the Chengjiang Age, the Cambrian Explosion reached its summit and also principally came to the end by the Early Cambrian. Among the four most significant milestone events of morphological origins and radiations in animal history, the first one(i.e. appearance of metazoans)took place in the Ediacaran Period or deeper times, and the other three can be practically seen from the Chengjiang and the Meishucunian windows. The newly discovered extinct Phylum Vetulicolia, which has primitively segmented body with simple gill slits in its anterior division, most probably represents one of the roots in deuterostome subkingdom. Sharing the mosaic basic features of both the bilateral vetulicolians and some primitive echinoderms homalozoans, the soft-bodied vetulocystids are best regarded as one of the roots of the extant pentamerous radial echinoderms. Standing on the “top” of the deuterostome super-branch in the early Cambrian TOA are the “the first fish” Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys, which bear the definite paired eyes and the salient proto-vertebrae and then should represent the real root of the whole vertebrates or craniates. On the contrary, yunnanozoans, including Yunnanozoon and Haikouella, possess neither eyes and reliable vertebrae, nor myomeres, may have nothing to do with craniates or vertebrates. On the other hand, sharing a similar body-plan with vetulicolians, those enigmatic creatures might be best treated as a side-branch in the lower deuterostomes. The appearance of gill slits in Vetulicolians and the formation of the real brain and the most primitive vertebrae in “the First Fish” have been recognized as two of the most significant milestones in the evolution from protostomes to the vertebrates.

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